Заранее прошу прощения за текст на английском языке, нет времени его переводить. Надеюсь, статья будет полезна тем, кто читает по-английски. Это отрывок из заключительной части исследования, опубликованного учеными из Колумбийского и Йельского университетов в 2001 году, показывающая, что большое влияние на формирование полового влечения оказывают социальные факторы. То есть, большой камень в огород тех, кто утверждает что "гомосексуалистами рождаются", или "нет никаких причин для проявления гомосексуализма, кроме биологических".
Кому интересна вся статья, я ее прикрепил.
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We test an old, and simple idea: culturally gender-neutral socialization
experiences are likely to be associated with less patterned (for that culture) expressions of gender identity, of which sexual attraction is a key element. We find support for this idea: only in families with OS twins without an older same-sex sibling do we observe a substantially increased probability of same-sex attraction for males. For females, the observed rate in these contexts is roughly one-half the national norm. It is possible that some other subtle unmeasured dynamic is going on, but as we can rule out simple genetic, hormonal, or evolutionary arguments, the main emphasis must point to socialization experiences. In general, social scientists hostile to the idea of genetic influence on social behavior should keep in mind the simple truism that without opportunity, genetic expression on behavior is impossible. Some stark examples should suffice: genetic expression for alcoholism is impossible in cultures without alcohol, population groups without food cannot express a genetic predisposition for obesity. Of course, examples of the complete elimination of opportunity for genetic expression
are few and far between. Social structure may eliminate the possibility of genetic expression for some groups, but not all. This fact alone suggests one, perhaps paradoxical, reason why we observe an effect for male, but not female, OS twins. Against this background, therefore, the scope conditions of the findings reported in this article are also relatively clear. If there are no main effects for genetics, we would not expect to observe genetic expression on romantic attraction except in cultures, like ours, where socialization regimes insist on the close linkage between cultural ideals of masculinity and femininity and sexual expression. In contrast, if there are genetic main effects, they would visible predominantly in cultures where such linkage is absent. Nonetheless, the idea that genetic influence, if present, should be insensitive to social categories in its expression is simply wrong. One should look to social structure to understand observed outcomes especially for those that are thought to be shaped in some way by genetic inheritance.
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